☢ What Is PLUTOnium? - Short Video ☢

This is how Plutonium looks

The following is a short but informative video about Plutonium. It explains the alchemy behind it and the process in nuclear plants.

And also gives us an understanding about how toxic this element Plutonium PU-242 with it's atomic number 94 is to humans and all living creatures on this planet.




The following is a letter found at https://www.ccnr.org/max_plute_aecb.html
(CCNR is a not-for-profit organization, federally incorporated in 1978. It is dedicated to education and research on all issues related to nuclear energy, whether civilian or military -- including non-nuclear alternatives -- especially those pertaining to Canada.)

How much plutonium does it take
to overdose a person?
Letter from the Atomic Energy Control Board
(followed by comments from CCNR)

---

re: Maximum Permissible Intake
of Plutonium by Inhalation

September 30 1999

Ms. Kristen Ostling
National Coordinator
Campaign for Nuclear Phaseout
1200-1 Nicholas Street
Ottawa Ontario
K1N 7B7

Subject:

Quantity of Plutonium that an Atomic Radiation Worker and the Public may Inhale to Reach their Respective Limits

Dear Ms. Ostling:
The Atomic Energy Control Board (AECB) does not set maximum permissible quantities of radionuclides for workers or the public. Regulatory protection criteria are expressed in terms of effective dose limits.
In this context, we understand your question to mean: "What is the quantity of plutonium oxide, if inhaled, would give rise to an effective dose of 50 mSv [ millisieverts ] to a worker or 5 mSv to a member of the public?"
As the result of an intake, these doses will be received over 50 years by a worker and over a period ending at age 70 by a member of the public. These calculations have been made for insoluble (in lung fluid) plutonium oxide of 1 micrometer size. These assumptions are very conservative (restrictive); in other words the worst case scenario has been assumed.

workers:	1.4 micrograms for 50 mSv committed effective dose (over 50 years after intake)
public:	0.1 microgram for 5 mSv committed effective dose (up to age 70)

If you have any other questions, please do not hesitate to contact me at (613) 996-5637.
Yours truly,


M. P. Measures, Ph.D.
Director
Radiation and Environmental Protection Division

---

Comments from CCNR

Foreword

Plutonium is a highly toxic material. Attempts to deny or to obscure this fact are, we feel, irresponsible.
Some spokespersons for AECL and for the Government of Canada have suggested that there is no danger involved in MOX transport worthy of anyone's serious consideration.

We feel compelled to point out that, although the probability of a severe accident that would release plutonium to the atmosphere is admittedly small, the potential health and environmental consequences of such an accident can be serious due to the extraordinary toxicity of plutonium when inhaled.

It is for this reason alone that the United States of America has made it illegal to transport plutonium by air in US territory. Such a prohibition does not exist for any other radioactive material.
Atomic Energy of Canada Limited has admitted, in documents submitted to Transport Canada, that in four out of eight categories of serious road transportation accidents, the MOX containers would be completely destroyed and a plume of plutonium dust would be spread downwind to a distance of about 80 kilometers.

Transport Canada has stated -- not once, but several times, in its response to public commentaries about AECL's plans for MOX transport by road -- that transporting MOX by air is much more dangerous than doing it by road because of the health dangers of inhaling plutonium dust following an accident.

Industry and government spokespersons have insisted that120 grams of plutonium is too small an amount to raise legitimate health and environmental concerns. They have made the irrelevant observation that 120 grams of plutonium is about the size of two A-A batteries.
Such remarks are manipulative in nature; they do not help people to weigh the risk. The important quantity is not the VOLUME or MASS of plutonium, but its TOXICITY. Based on data supplied by AECB (see letter above) we can address the toxicity question as follows:

In principle, using AECB's regulatory limits,
how many ''civilians'' can be overdosed
by 100 grams of plutonium?

0.1 micrograms	can overdose	one civilian
multiply by one million
0.1 grams	can overdose	one million civilians
multiply by ten
1 gram	can overdose	ten million civilians
multiply by one hundred
100 grams	can overdose	one billion civilians
600 grams	can overdose	six billion civilians

If there is a serious accident involving
120 grams of plutonium (in the form of MOX),
how many civilian overdoses could, in principle, result?

if NONE of the plute is safely contained	there is a potential for	one billion two hundred million civilian overdoses
if 90 percent of it is safely contained	there is a potential for	one hundred and twenty million civilian overdoses
if 99.9 percent of it is safely contained	there is a potential for	one hundred and twenty thousand civilian overdoses
if 99.999 percent of it is safely contained	there is a potential for	one thousand two hundred civilian overdoses

In principle, using AECB's regulatory limits,
how many ''atomic radiation workers'' can be
overdosed by 140 grams of plutonium?

1.4 micrograms	can overdose	one atomic worker
1.4 grams	can overdose	one million workers
14 grams	can overdose	ten million workers
140 grams	can overdose	one hundred million workers
560 grams	can overdose	four hundred million workers

If there is a serious accident involving
600 grams of plutonium (in the form of MOX),
how many worker overdoses could, in principle, result?

if NONE of the plute is safely contained	there is a potential for	four hundred twenty-five million worker overdoses
if 90 percent of it is safely contained	there is a potential for	forty-two and a half million worker overdoses
if 99.9 percent of it is safely contained	there is a potential for	forty-two and a half thousand worker overdoses
if 99.999 percent of it is safely contained	there is a potential for	four hundred and twenty-five worker overdoses

If there is a serious accident involving
600 grams of plutonium (in the form of MOX),
how many civilian overdoses could, in principle, result?

if NONE of the plute is safely contained	there is a potential for	six billion civilian overdoses
if 90 percent of it is safely contained	there is a potential for	six hundred million civilian overdoses
if 99.9 percent of it is safely contained	there is a potential for	six hundred thousand civilian overdoses
if 99.999 percent of it is safely contained	there is a potential for	six thousand civilian overdoses

Afterword

The probability of a serious accident involving MOX transport is small, but the consequences can be severe. They can also be very long-lived: since plutonium-239 has a half-life of 24,000 years, plutonium contamination can be permanent. It is a betrayal of public trust to pretend that these risks do not exist.
Unlike most shipments of radioactive materials, plutonium shipments are attractive targets for criminals or terrorists, because plutonium is the primary nuclear explosive material from which atomic bombs can be made.
Any attempted hijacking can only increase the risks of unintended releases of plutonium to the atmosphere.

---

68 Ton Nuclear Fuel Likely Melted at Reactor Unit

Fukushima Corium Eroding Concrete China Syndrome

Some already know we have a China Syndrome on our hands, but actually we got 6 reactor units in trouble so in reality the Fukushima Disaster have brought us China Syndrome x6 with 3 reactor units that have confirmed meltdowns. Before going into the story we need to look at the facts. Because when dealing with TEPCO they never give out anything that could hurt them. This is based on the countless of reports and analysis that have been done over the months since the beginning of the disaster. They have always downplayed and sugarcoated the disaster. We all remember the "hydrogen explosions" in the beginning and that "nothing was wrong with the reactors stories" that came out then.

Well now we know better and it has been confirmed that we have 3 full meltdowns with another 3 that are in question among experts and people that have a better understanding of the situation.
☢ MP3 Fukushima Report with Jeff Rense and Yoichi Shimatsu 14 Nov 2011 ☢

And if you don't think the media is downplaying the situation have a look at this crap done by the BBC.
☢ Jim Al-khalili BBC Propaganda That Fukushima Nuclear Fallout Is Safe ☢

With that said the analysis that was made a few days ago where they discuss the possibility that the molten nuclear fuel (Corium) have melted it's way through the pressure vessel (in all reactors) and is now sitting on the bottom of the containment eroding the concrete.

Not actual picture, because no human would be able to approach an 

68 Ton Blob of 3000 C hot Corium and live to tell the story.

Now they have come out with that there is likely 68 Tons of the nuclear fuel that is eroding the concrete in reactor unit number 1. But hang on how much nuclear fuel was actually stored at reactor unit 1?

It is estimated that all reactor units contain less than 100 Tons of nuclear fuel and reactor unit 1 had another 50 Tons of Spent Nuclear Fuel stored in the building. So what does this mean?

Well the analysis said that in Unit 2 and Unit 3 it is estimated that 63% and 57% of the nuclear fuel have already melted out of the pressure vessel also resting on the concrete below eroding it's way down.

What this means is that all reactor units must have somewhere around 60 Tons of Nuclear Fuel that is eroding it's way down into the concrete. And if we have a look at the Spent Nuclear Fuel situation at the reactor buildings this figure is much larger.

The spent nuclear fuel:
Reactor Building 1: 50 tons
Reactor Building 2: 81 tons
Reactor Building 3: 88 tons Uranium / Plutonium (UO2/MOX)
Reactor Building 4: 135 tons
Reactor Building 5: 142 tons
Reactor Building 6: 151 tons

The total amount of molten nuclear fuel that have collected in the buildings into Corium blobs melting their way down into the earth is not really known, because in the explosions the nuclear fuel was thrown outside and scattered around the plant and if I'm not mistaken they have found Nuclear Fuel several miles away from the plant.

Much of this was cleaned up in the weeks and months after the accident by workers at the plant. What they did was make in into piles and burn it. Remember there was a lot of fires and steam / smoke going on at the plant at one time.

☢ Strange Fires at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Aug. 6 2011 ☢ UPDATE 3 ☢

☢ The Reason Behind the Fog at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Reactors ☢
☢ Melted Nuclear Fuel Corium Soon Outside Containment at Fukushima Reactor Units ☢

All N-fuel may have fallen to outer vessel / TEPCO: Up to 68 tons likely melted in No. 1 reactor, eroding concrete of containment unit
https://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/T111201006092.htm
The Yomiuri Shimbun

Almost all the nuclear fuel inside the No. 1 reactor of the crippled Fukushima No. 1 nuclear power plant has melted, damaging the pressure vessel and eroding the concrete bottom of the containment vessel by up to 65 centimeters, the plant's operator has found.

Tokyo Electric Power Co. released its latest analysis Wednesday on the cores of the plant's Nos. 1 to 3 reactors, based on temperature, water levels and other data. TEPCO said the fuel inside the reactors has melted to various degrees following the March 11 earthquake and tsunami.

The No. 2 reactor's fuel is up to 57 percent melted, while that of the No. 3 reactor is up to 63 percent melted, TEPCO's analysis has shown.

TEPCO has made the latest analysis to judge to what degree the fuel has cooled, as well as to ascertain if it can achieve its year-end target of a cold shutdown of the reactors, as stipulated in the timetable the utility company and the government have compiled to bring the nuclear crisis under control.

Following the March 11 earthquake and tsunami, water injection at the No. 1 reactor was suspended for about 14 hours, resulting in damage more serious than in the Nos. 2 and 3 reactors, which had water injection suspended for six to seven hours, according to TEPCO.

The nuclear fuel at the No. 1 reactor melted as its temperature reached nearly 3,000 C at one time, TEPCO estimated. In the No. 1 reactor, TEPCO believes, almost all of the about 68 tons of fuel melted. This has not only seriously damaged the bottom of the steel pressure vessel enough to create holes, but the fuel has also fallen to the concrete bottom of the containment vessel, eroding it by up to 65 centimeters.

Only 37 centimeters of concrete remains between the fuel and the vessel's outermost steel wall in the most damaged area, TEPCO said.

Without water, the No. 1 reactor's fuel temperature was more than high enough to have melted everything inside the pressure vessel, not only the fuel itself but also the fuel control rods, the utility said.

TEPCO currently maintains a steady supply of water to the three reactors, enabling the No. 1 reactor to always have about 40 centimeters of cool water at the bottom of the containment vessel, enough to cover the melted fuel, according to the utility.

Both the government and the utility said the three reactors are experiencing no problems in maintaining cooling functions.

However, the melted fuel likely will be a major hurdle in removing fuel from the troubled reactors in the decommissioning process, which is expected to take more than 30 years.
(Dec. 2, 2011)

Fukushima Mini-Nuclear Bomb German Radiation Expert Warns

Given the reports of an uncontrolled nuclear fission reactor accident in Japan's Fukushima Munich radiation expert Professor Edmund Lengfelder warns of the possibility of a nuclear explosion ....

It would be "a kind of mini-nuclear bomb in the scale," said Lengfelder the dpa news agency. "The probability, however, I can not estimate at all." Nobody knows how much enriched uranium had flowed together in the manner in which the derelict nuclear power plant units.

This text have been partly translated with Google translate:

Lengfelder had after the meltdown at Chernobyl 25 years ago the Society for Radiological Protection and the Munich-based Otto Hug Radiation Institute. He cared for people with thyroid cancer today in the former Soviet disaster area.

Eight months after the meltdown in Fukushima the isotopes 133 and 135 of the gas xenon has been found, said Lengfelder. Since these isotopes are products of nuclear fission and only have a half life of about five days and nine hours, they could not come from the time of the accident in March. "There is a spontaneous fission - because of this anything can happen, even if one says, it is not likely. But what is to be kept of statements about probabilities, we have on 11 March saw. "At that time, had a severely damaged in this earthquake and unexpected strength of a tsunami and the nuclear power plant caused the meltdown.

In a functioning reactor control rods keep the chain reaction under control. "But in a meltdown this contol is no longer found," said Lengfelder.

As for the actual radiation exposure was given the total load since the accident, the recent nuclear fission is not of great importance. "But it does mean that (the operator) Tepco is even further away than previously claimed from getting things back under control." How long such a nuclear fission, was not foreseen. Depending on the amount and location of the fissile uranium, it could also last for years - and the quantity in Fukushima is very large, it go to tons.

In any case, the partial exclusion zone of 50 km is far too low. You must be at least 100 kilometers in the main northwest. In addition, the Japanese government has raised the limit for children to 20 millisieverts per year. "This is in Germany the maximum radiation dose for a nuclear power plant workers - but not for a child," criticized Lengfelder. It is expected that the cancer rate will rise sharply in the children, including birth defects in newborns are to be feared.

The treatment of the population was "inhumane," said Lengfelder. "For me, it is also inhumane, that in such a wealthy country like Japan, people still live in the gyms. . That there was not even on the Soviets, "The evacuation after Chernobyl have worked much better - and the limits are in Belarus today about three times more severe than in Germany.

Among the volunteers who have used the operator Tepco to clean up in Fukushima, it would be premature deaths in the coming years. "Chernobyl must proceed in analogy to one of them. But I'm skeptical that they will have more clarity on the Japanese as victims in the Soviet Union. "The Japanese government had lied to the people of Japan and the world about the extent of the disaster long. "Japan wants its technical aura not to bet on the game." Now we have the Japanese people decide whether they wanted to live with this risk the threat continues.

Lengfelder is for an immediate shutdown of all reactors. "When they are not properly insured, it means in the case of a super-Gaussian: The citizen is sitting on his injury. First we had Chernobyl, now we have Fukushima - what we need ?"...

For example, there are the words of the Lengfelder because of safety concerns from environmentalists vehemently criticized Czech Temelin nuclear power plant across the Bavarian border, serious problems with the welds. "If there happens a meltdown, and the wind blows from the east, the exclusion zone to reach Munich ."...

Read the original story in German FOCUS Online

Nuclear Chain Reaction Possible At Fukushima

Time and time again we can read about how safe and under control the situation is at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Cold shutdown is well underway and the tents are being made to cover the damaged reactor units. Evacuation zones have been opened allowing people back to their homes to live at areas that he now been made "safe" by the government.

All is well we read in the papers, nothing to worry about.. If anything breaking is found or occur at the Fukushima plant or if high radiation readings are measured around Tokyo, "experts" are quick to calm the public that.. Oh it's was just a few bottles of "glowing paint" used by a business making watches that had been left in the basement of an old building that gave the high readings.. With measurements being made 1 meter of the ground in the streets of Tokyo, sure a couple of bottles found in a nearby basement is of course the culprit. And discarding all other measurements of high measurements that are found around Tokyo by public and independent experts in the field. This we see time and time again, the governments and TEPCO's experts SPIN on what is reported.

On Wednesday Tokyo Electric Power Co. announced “There is the possibility that criticality, a sustained nuclear chain reaction, had occurred ‘temporarily’ and ‘locally’ in the No. 2 reactor.”

Lets watch how they spin this. Well it's widely know amongst the real experts that criticality is and have been going on for quite some time and that this TEPCO’s claim of  "spontaneous" fission is an very “improbable phenomenon”. Nuclear professors agree that it is strange that such a “rare” event was detected almost immediately after sampling began.

Yet "improbable phenomena" is something that TEPCO and the Japanese government have been throwing around to such an extent today in the media that some of us (yes me included) call most reports BS.

It is clear that things are not stable at all, you only need to look at some of the car air filter samples done by outside sources that show the extreme high radiation in the air around Fukushima and also found in Tokyo. With millions of people and children being exposed to these radioactive hot particles every day the situation is far, far from under control.
☢ Incredibly Radioactive Air Fukushima, Tokyo and Seattle Comparison Analysis Show ☢
On another note I read an interesting comment how this type disaster have actually never been encountered before "physicists do not understand fully what is going on at Fukushima because this is, in fact, unprecedented (Chernobyl was “contained” in days) and every time physicists have an opportunity to study matter in new environments (e.g., particle accelerators) they learn new and surprising things about how matter and energy behave." So with that comment we start to see what is taking place at Fukushima with the corium and chain reactions really has never been observed to this extent before.

For a better understaning about the Chernobyl disaster please watch this great documentary called The Battle of Chernobyl:
☢ The Battle of Chernobyl - Best Documentary of the Nuclear Disaster of Chernobyl ☢

Find out true reactor conditions
Friday, Nov. 4, 2011

Tokyo Electric Power Co. announced Wednesday that there is the possibility that criticality, a sustained nuclear chain reaction, had occurred "temporarily" and "locally" in the No. 2 reactor of the stricken Fukushima No. 1 nuclear power plant. It detected radioactive xenon-133 and xenon-135, products of uranium or plutonium fission, in gases collected Tuesday from the reactor.

Because the half life of xenon-133 is 5.25 days and that of xeon-135 is 9.14 hours, criticality is very likely to have occurred just before the gases were analyzed.

Although more than seven months have passed since the start of the nuclear fiasco, clearly the reactor has not yet been stabilized. Tepco's plan to achieve "cold shutdown" of the Nos. 1, 2 and 3 reactors by the end of this year may face difficulty.

The fact that Tepco cannot deny the possibility of criticality irrespective of its scale is a grave situation. The conditions are similar in the Nos. 1, 2 and 3 reactors. It is thought that nuclear fuel in them melted and has collected in the bottom of both the pressure and containment vessels.

Tepco should make serious efforts to accurately grasp the conditions of nuclear fuel inside the reactors.

Even after a reactor is shut down, nuclear fuel fissions occur bit by bit inside cladding tubes without reaching criticality. Experts concur that large-scale criticality will not occur in molten nuclear fuel. But Tepco and the Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency should take a serious view of the fact that radioactive xenon pointing to criticality was detected from the No. 2 reactor. What happened in it can happen in the Nos. 1 and 3 reactors.

They should strictly watch the conditions of the three reactors and do their utmost to prevent occurrence of criticality. They should not forget the simple fact that a large amount of nuclear fuel exists in these reactors.

Tepco injected 10 tons of a solution containing 480 kg of boric acid into the No. 2 reactor shortly before 3 a.m. Wednesday to restrain nuclear fission. This inversely shows that it has not been injecting a boric acid solution into the reactors in continuously cooling them by circulating water. Its laxness should be criticized. It wasn't till after 7 a.m. Wednesday that NISA reported the criticality incident to Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda. NISA clearly lacked the ability to make a correct judgment in this matter.

Read the story at Japan Times:
https://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/ed20111104a1.html